Data Security: Protection against governments
CC-BY
Fabian M. Suchanek
Overview
2
•
Free speech
•
Free speech in the world
•
Protecting your free speech
Free Speech
Freedom of expression
(sometimes synecdochically called
freedom of speech
) is the freedom to
seek, receive, and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally,
in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of one’s choice.
3
blah
blah
blah
blah
blah
blah
Freedom of expression is a human right (§ 19 of the UN Declaration of Human Rights).
[UN Declaration of Human Rights]
Limits of free speech
4
Governments typically limit free speech to prohibit
• child pornography
• libel
• graphical violence
• trade secrets
• personally identifiable information
• threats
• encouragement of violence
• military secrets
However, liberal democraties will always allow criticism of
- a political party
- a government
- a religion
Why is that?
[Maxwell, Mialon, Rubi, Post]
(≈ what causes harm
to another individual)
Optimizing life quality
5
Suppose you want to optimize the following function.
life
quality
choice of government, laws, religion, party, ...
you are
here
questioning
the status quo
Optimizing life quality
6
Suppose you want to optimize the following function.
life
quality
you are
here
Can you
still optimize
this function?
choice of government, laws, religion, party, ...
Optimizing life quality
7
Suppose you want to optimize the following function.
life
quality
you are
here
Can you
still optimize
this function?
You cannot optimize this function if you cannot see it!
choice of government, laws, religion, party, ...
Optimizing life quality
8
Suppose you want to optimize the following function.
life
quality
you are
here
What if your system
prohibits seeing
the entire function?
choice of government, laws, religion, party, ...
Optimizing life quality
9
Suppose you want to optimize the following function.
life
quality
you are
here
What if your system
prohibits seeing
the entire function?
Is it better or worse
here?
If it is worse, why is
it prohibited to see it?
choice of government, laws, religion, party, ...
Optimizing life quality
10
Suppose you want to optimize the following function.
life
quality
you are
here
What if your system
prohibits seeing
the entire function?
Is it better or worse
here?
If it is worse, why is
it prohibited to see it?
choice of government, laws, religion, party, ...
A system that prohibits you from seeing other options is most likely not the best one.
It probably has other interests than your well‐being.
Optimizing life quality
11
Suppose you want to optimize the following function.
life
quality
you are
here
But what if
you’re just doing fine?
You have a job, health care,
money, decent freedom.
Why should you care about
the “forbidden places”?
choice of government, laws, religion, party, ...
Optimizing life quality
12
Suppose you want to optimize the following function.
life
quality
you are
here
choice of government, laws, religion, party, ...
What if
-
your system takes a
decision you don’t like?
-
your country invades
a neighboring country?
-
the minimum wage
decreases?
-
the petrol price falls?
-
food no longer subsidised?
-
you go to indefinite
lockdown?
- women are no longer allowed to go to university?
- one of your family members disappears?
- a terrorist appears who has the same name as you?
Optimizing life quality
13
Suppose you want to optimize the following function.
life
quality
you are
now
here
choice of government, laws, religion, party, ...
Would you now like to
see the other parts
of the function?
Optimizing life quality
14
Suppose you want to optimize the following function.
life
quality
choice of government, laws, religion, party, ...
Would you now like to
see the other parts
of the function?
It’s too late! All laws, surveillance machinery, and censorship is already in place.
The abolition of freedom of expression is often a one‐way street.
=> You have to care about it while you still can
you are
now
here
Do we want instability?
15
[Demonstration in France in 2018 (or any following year...)]
Chaos
Danger
Anarchy
Instability
Economic
downfall
Do we want instability? No, but...
16
1.
Humans are not great at creating optimal solutions
2. Humans are pretty good at spotting mistakes in what other humans say
=>
It is unlikely that a given human‐made system
(or human choice of a religious system, for that matter)
is the optimal one.
=>
The more people are allowed to scrutinize a system,
the more likely it is that we can reduce mistakes and optimize the system
If people had not questioned the status quo
- we would not have abolished slavery
- we would not have established equal rights for men and women
- we would not have had social security systems
[Steven Pinker: Rationality, 2021]
Overview
17
•
Free speech
•
Free speech in the world
•
Protecting your free speech
Freedom of speech in the world
18
[Freedom of the Press Index 2022, CC-BY-SA NordNordWest,
based on Reporters without Borders, cropped]
Freedom of speech,
approximated here
by press freedom
“I totally guarantee freedom of speech.
I just don’t guarantee freedom after speech.”
(fictional quote)
Laws against denial of the Holocaust
19
[CC-BY-SA Downright Peculiar, cropped]
These countries consider it a criminal act to deny Nazi Germany’s genocide against Jews.
Is that a good thing in your opinion?
Laws against denial of the Holocaust
20
These countries consider it a criminal act to deny Nazi Germany’s genocide against Jews.
Is that a good thing in your opinion?
=>
The fact that you can discuss this means that you are already
benefitting from freedom of speech!
[CC-BY-SA Downright Peculiar, cropped]
Laws against blasphemy
21
[End Blasphemy Laws]
Some countries consider it a criminal act to question or criticize a religion.
12 countries punish apostasy (leaving religion) by death.
Is that a good thing in your opinion?
=>
In these countries, it is safer not to ask
22
The “Five Eyes”
Secret services of the UK, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the US (= the “Five Eyes”), and many
other countries collaborate to gather data about individuals on a global scale, to
• assess the foreign policy and economic stability of other countries
• to gather commercial secrets
• combat terrorism
Wikipedia: Global Surveillance
The German company Enercon
found
that an American company filed
a nearly identical patent shortly before they did. It is known today that the NSA helped.
[PrivacyAngel.com]
[The Economist, 2024-03-07]
Global Surveillance Programs
23
“You could read anyone’s email in the world, anybody you've got an
email address for. Any website: You can watch traffic to and from it.
Any laptop that you're tracking: you can follow it as it moves”
— Edward Snowden
Programs:
•
PRISM: forces commercial providers (Google &c) to hand over data without telling users
•
Tempora: intercepts Internet traffic
•
XKeyscore: harvests emails, chats, browsing histories
•
Muscular: secret break into Google & Yahoo’s networks (unencrypted internally)
•
Royal Concierge: infiltrating luxury hotel reservation systems
•
ECHELON: interception of radio signals
Wikipedia: Global Surveillance
Global Surveillance Programs
(continued)
•
Hacking messenger services, or even creating its own one
•
Phone call collection: storing all phone records of all American citizens
•
Tapping into the cables between mobile networks and undersea internet cables
•
Targeted hacks against foreign governments (stealing hard drives etc.)
•
Infiltrating security companies (
Crypto AG
)
Wikipedia: Global Surveillance
24
[The Economist]
National Security Letters
25
The NSA
can request
that a service provider turns over client data without telling the client about it.
NSL to Google
[NY Times 2026-02-13]
26
Is that a problem?
Yes. In a liberal democracy, the government exists to provide services to the citizen
(defense, education, infrastructure, etc.), and the citizen legitimizes and controls the government.
Global Surveillance Programs
But how can you control the government if the government knows
with whom you spent your night?
Government
provides
service
legitimizes
and controls
27
Is that a problem?
Yes. There are things that are not illegal, but that you have a right to keep secret.
If the government knows these things, it can blackmail you.
Global Surveillance Programs
Last Week Tonight with John Oliver: Government Surveillance
If I had knowledge
that the US government
had a picture of my
d*ck, I would be very
p*ssed.
28
Last Week Tonight with John Oliver: Government Surveillance
Yes. [...]
Anytime you have your picture on gmail [...],
your junk ends up in the[ir] database.
Can they see my d*ck?
Global Surveillance Programs
29
China
Fang Binxing
(in Changsha)
In China, one is not allowed to discuss
-
1989 Tiananmen Square massacre
-
the treatment of Uyghurs
-
human rights in Tibet
-
the Taiwan independence movement
... in newspapers, emails, chats, emails, SMS, social media
[Own picture]
This is not directed
against the country
or the people:
I had a great time there!
[The Guardian 2025-05-24]
[Wikipedia: Censorship in China]
[FreedomHouse, 2024]
[The Guardian 2016-02-19]
30
China
[Wikipedia: Censorship in China]
China has a unique combination of an authoritarian government
with technological know‐how and a huge population.
The “Great Firewall of China” is technology that blocks
-
all major Western communication software
(Facebook, WhatsApp, Twitter, Instagram, Signal, Clubhouse, YouTube,
Telegram, Snapchat, Line, and Pinterest)
-
international news (New York Times, Reuters, Wall Street Journal, BBC)
-
Internet search for certain keywords, ranging from
“Winnie the Pooh” to “Dalai Lama” to “Great Firewall”
[Own picture]
you are
here
[South China Morning Post, 2025-06-05]
[FreedomHouse, 2024]
31
China is accused of operating police abroad